Half-Track Personnel Carrier M3

Designation: Half-Track Personnel Carrier M3
Classification Type: Multi-Purpose Armored Personnel Carrier
Contractor: White Motor Company / International Harvester / Autocar / Diamond T / Army Ordnance Depot - USA
Country of Origin: United States
Initial Year of Service: 1941
Number Built: 41,169

The American half-track became synonymous with the Allied war effort.

No image of the American Army effort in world war two is complete with the appearance of a half-track series vehicle. The system appeared in large numbers and was very similar in role to the German SdKfz 251 half-track, serving primarily as a personnel carrier but easily doubling into roles such as equipment carrier, weapons platform and reconnaissance. The M3 is of particular note as it is the definite half-track used throughout the war despite its appearance in the varied forms. The half-track was used by all major Allied forces including the Soviet Union and saw continued use in the post-war years with Israel and France.

The basic half-track concept was originally showcased by the British in World War 1. By then, however, the combination of tracks an wheels seemed impractical when fully-tracked or six-wheel, four-wheel drive vehicles were favored. The half-track saw a come back in the 1930's with development occurring on both sides of the ocean. The German Army made tremendous use of such vehicles in their route of enemy forces by blitzkrieg and the Americans took particular note of a French made type known as the Citroen Kegresse P17. Such was the American interest in the system that several models were purchased for additional testing and development.

The P17 was soon spawned into the T14 army half-track prototype by 1931. The T14 - produced primarily by the Army Ordnance Depot among others - was nothing more than a White Scout Car M2 series chassis melded to the Kegresse half-track suspension system. The resulting design proved adequate enough to become the newly-minted Half-Track Car M2 (Even on casual observation, the M2 scout car can clearly be seen in the M2 half-track design). Production of the Half-Track Car M2 was already underway by 1941, with Europe embroiled in the global conflict for some years.

The M3 soon appeared by 1941 and began to supplement the M2 types. The M3 differed somewhat in that it was of a lengthened hull design when compared to the M2. The M3 initially featured a pedestal mounted .50 caliber machine gun at center but this was later replaced by a more traditional pulpit type assembly in future models. Beyond the M3 came the M5 which differed little more than in production methodology used. The M9 was nothing more than a half-track car.

The American half-track was spawned into a myriad of roles from the base M3 personnel carrier. One of the most fearsome was the Quad-50 anti-aircraft platform which saw an array of 4 x .50 caliber Browning heavy machine guns mounted on a turning pedestal. This formidable array proved exceptional in the air defense role and quite fearsome in the anti-personnel role as well. Other variants of the M3 series went on to become gun carriers mounting calibers from 57mm to large 105mm self-propelled gun types. Mortar carriers, armored ambulances and engineering vehicles were also produced.

The M3 series was far from a perfect machine. Though robust, it was never deemed as highly reliable as other systems available. The thin floor armor made the passengers extremely susceptible to enemy mines and the fabric covering did not assist much in the way of protection from enemy artillery or air attacks. Despite these issues, the M3 operated without complaint, being exposed to the harshest of elements and conditions to the point of the system achieving legendary status by war's end. The American half-track was produced to the tune of some 41,000 systems by 1944 and saw continued use even afterwards. The M3 was seen in service with the new Israeli forces and in some forms still continues in supplementary roles around the world.